Testis and adrenal cortex make dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenone, and testosterone {androgen}|, which cause male sex characteristics. Androstenones can be pheromones. Androstadienone has odor, detected by receptors {OR7D4 receptor}.
Placenta hormones {chorionic gonadotropin}| can maintain pregnancy.
Neuropeptides {egg-laying hormone} (ELH) can regulate sea-snail egg laying. Atrial glands secrete A and B peptides, which depolarize bag cells. Bag cells secrete multiple peptides, including egg-laying hormones, into blood to affect central neurons and ovotestis.
Estrone and estradiol {estrogen}| are from adrenal cortex, are steroids, and stimulate growth and female sex characteristics. Estrogens enter cells directly and bind to cytoplasm receptors, which send molecules to cell nucleus to bind to DNA sites and express or repress genes.
Anterior pituitary hormones {follicle stimulating hormone}| (FSH) can stimulate Graafian-follicle and seminiferous-tubule growth. FSH first secretes at age 7 to 8 and reaches adult levels at age 11 to 13.
Hormones {lutein hormone releasing factor} {luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone} (LHRH) can bind to forebrain and hypothalamus, release luteinizing hormone in hypothalamus, help sexual arousal and mating, stimulate sex drive, and cure oligospermy.
Pituitary hormones {luteinizing hormone}| (LH) {interstitial cell-stimulating hormone} (ICSH) can control progesterone or testosterone production and release, which first secretes at age 7 to 8 and reaches adult levels at age 11 to 13.
Hypothalamus peptides {oxytocin}| (Vincent du Vigneaud) [1953] can have nine amino acids, control uterus contraction, affect pair-bonding in female rodents and nursing babies, control milk release, peak at orgasm {cuddle hormone}, and aid forgetting. Oxytocin receptors are in hypothalamus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and anterior-cingulate subgenual area. Pitocin is synthetic oxytocin. Vasopressin and oxytocin are similar.
Ovary hormones {progesterone}| can regulate estrous and menstrual cycles. Progesterone enters cells directly and binds to cytoplasm receptors, which send molecules to cell nucleus to bind to DNA sites and express or repress genes.
Pituitary hormones {prolactin}| can maintain estrogen and progesterone secretion, stimulate milk production, and control maternal instincts.
Ovary and placenta hormones {relaxin}| can relax pelvic ligaments for birth.
Adrenal-cortex and testes hormones {testosterone}| can stimulate growth and male sex characteristics. Testosterone enters cells directly and binds to cytoplasm receptors, which send molecules to cell nucleus to bind to DNA sites and express or repress genes.
Fish have molecules {vasotocin} that reduce ovulating-female fear of males. In mammals, vasotocin has evolved to oxytocin and arginine vasopressin.
4-Zoology-Organ-Endocrine Gland-Hormone
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Date Modified: 2022.0225